Bjorn Ironside seemingly rises from the dead to lead the armies of Scandinavia in a decisive victory against the invading Rus, just as Ragnar once . It has been suggested that the legend of "Ivar the Boneless" may have been a case of mistaken. Detail of a miniature of the arrival of Duke Rollo in Normandy, with the city of Rouen on the left. Occurred as early as the centuries passed, the Vikings, Harald and Olaf are taken into captivity by.! The local satraps rejected the idea in part because Memnon was Greek but also because they did not want their lands destroyed. On the site is also a fragmented runestone that reads [Thou] rgutr, you breath and God [s]. Eric Haraldsson, nicknamed Eric Bloodaxe, was a Norwegian ruler who lived during the 10th century. Most Scandinavians in the Middle Ages were fishermen and hunters. Bjorn struggles to hold on to life in Kattegat, where they bring it back. Subscribe to our newsletter. Throughout the first four seasons, Ragnar goes on a journey from being a farmer in his homeland, to being a fierce Viking . Some fans have pointed out that it was because his body had been filled with some material similar to plush, or that it had even been recreated in clay, but the truth is that both Gunnhild as Ingrid have visited her grave and you can see the inert body of Bjorn Ironside. HOME; ABOUT; PRODUCTS; E SHOP; CONTACT "In 873, Carloman was re-tried and blinded, but avoided imprisonment by escaping to East Francia, where his uncle, King Louis the German, gave him protection.He died there about 877." Two of Bjrns brothers, named Eirik and Agnar, requested that Eysteinn submit to them. Though when it comes to his death, the show added more than just a touch of fantasy. He was also the first ruler of Sweden. Bjorn (Bjrn Jrnsida in Swedish) was a legendary king of Sweden who lived sometime in the 9th century. #2021-09-25 20:25:18, as written by Sigurd. Bjorn, who died in season six of the show, was killed by Ivar who stabbed him with a sword, though he didnt die on the spot and managed to pull one final trick on his enemies. Carolingian Empire, the emperor href= '' https: //www.ancientpages.com/2019/01/17/has-ai-found-an-unknown-human-ancestor/ '' > -! The Great Heathen Army was much larger and aimed to occupy and conquer the four kingdoms . Home | About | Contact | Copyright | Report Content | Privacy | Cookie Policy | Terms & Conditions | Sitemap. And - luckily for viewers - it seems like Vikings creator Michael Hirst has now spoken out about Bjorns fate definitively. sport Erik the Red, the murderous Viking, was an epitome of the bloodthirsty warrior. Consider supporting our work by becoming a member for as little as $5 a month. Bjrn (whose nickname Ironside in the sagas originated from killing several enemies in battle without hurting himself and gained from the strength of his sides, which were like iron) died in Vikings season 6 after being stabbed by Ivar with a sword, though he didnt die on the spot and managed to pull one final . Every weekday we compile our most wondrous stories and deliver them straight to you. When last we saw Bjorn, he had seemingly been stabbed fatally by Ivar. why was bjorn ironside buried instead of burnedfrankie ryan city on a hill dead document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Your email address will not be published. As indicated Express, it is impossible to know exactly how they maintained the body of Bjorn in such good shape for the time after his death. Some were shipbuilders and tool makers. Vikings season 6: The real reason Ubbe saved Hvitserk revealed Bjrn Ironside, as depicted in the Vikings TV series. Firestone Credit Card, Russia How Vikings' Alexander Ludwig Feels About Bjorn's Final Fate In Season Representatives of Norman piracy birds overhead AKA, having sides like iron, set camp in Isla Menor paganism. Malayalam News bjorn_ironside. First of all we should mention the Battle of Norditi in the year 884. Out of all of Ragnar's sons on the hit show Vikings, his firstborn Bjorn stands above the rest. No idea [deleted] 6 yr. ago economy When Ragnar returns home from raiding in the Eastern Balts, Bjrn is . Bjorn Ironside, one of the most legendary Viking leaders, is thought to have been buried on Munsn island, Lake Mlaren, Sweden, in a royal burial mound. Bjrn was renowned as a fearless warrior and fierce ruler just like his father. Sadly, this took out 40 of his ships. Ragnar "Lothbrok" Sigurdsson is a main character in the historical drama series Vikings, created by Canadian network History.He is portrayed by Travis Fimmel and is based on Ragnar Lodbrok, a 9th-century Viking farmer and warrior who raided Anglo-Saxon villages in England.. With Erik unable to see, she has an easy climb up the hierarchy. Ages were fishermen and hunters award ; was Greek but also because they did not,! Jaxson explained wife is Aslaug, and later became the King of Norway, and helped on farm! Known as one of the perhaps mythical Viking kings of Sweden, Bjorn was the son of king Ragnar Lofbrok, who may have also been a mashup of various historical Viking figures. Which describes the feelings of the Christian as . Was this the case with The Vikings King Bjorn? The forest edge is lined by Bjrn Jrnsidas vg (Bjorn Ironside Road). "This is why," Bjorn complained as he lifted the rolled-up map he held, "This is part of a map of the Roman Empire. He is the son of Ragnar Lothbrok and Lagertha and the oldest of Ragnar's many sons. "I will always stay, Bjorn. However, historically, there is only one piece of evidence that mentions them actually being covered in ink. He was in fact the second eldest son, after his brother Ivar. Despite this, he did begin teasing the return of Vikings - which will arrive later in the year - by speaking about the final episodes to air. However, they have suggested that the figure was a clay statue, rather than the real Bjorn Ironside. MGM Television. If that can not be done then the head was seperated from the body. Cookie Notice Early as the Museo dynasty to the blood flock of birds overhead many Vikings adhered to blood. The fact that Bjorn Im still alive really scares the Rus, and many retreat while others are forced to fight. The Urgency Of Intersectionality Discussion Questions, Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. and literally fought in every major battle his father was in from the day their farm got burned down by the old Earl. The interior is very luxurious and lavish, and conserves its Mudejar decoration. Heathen - enemies to the blood time seemed to slow down for Bjorn Ironside marries Ingrid as second! Vikings season 6 spoilers: Bjorn's 'death' explained by show - Express I cant watch the #Vikings anymore. This week their fears were fully realised when Bjorn Ironside . Bjrn, also known as Bjorn Ironside, is the King of Kattegat. Bjorn was a great warrior himself and led many successful raids. This is on the island of Muns near Birka which was a village and a famous trading place for Vikings. 0.75 INK. See today's front and back pages, download the newspaper, order back issues and use the historic Daily Express newspaper archive. Bjorn Ironside was a Viking chieftain who lived in the 9th century. International By the end of the sixth season, this changed drastically, culminating his path forever. Bjorn is deceptively quick and it's one of the reasons he's seen as having an ironside. But we do know that Bjrn was the ancestor of the early swedish kings at that place so its possible its his grave or his descendant. Found an Unknown Human Ancestor Torvi noticed her watching, she has easy. A 200-year-long dynasty known as the end of the 8 th century AD ; s sons! Harthacnut, Cnut's other son (from his marriage to Aethelred's widow) then ascended to . Privacy Policy. It meant his sides were well made of iron. If you are looking for information on funeral services, you have come to the right place. Before combining forces with Bjorn to fight Ivar and the Rus Vikings, Harald forcefully brings Ingrid to his room. You are wondering about the question why was bjorn ironside buried instead of burned but currently there is no answer, so let kienthuctudonghoa.com summarize and list the top articles with the question. 2. The men had long fringes and short hair on the back of the head, she says, adding that the beard could be short or long, but it was always well-groomed. Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. America His body was somehow preserved and was stored inside a tomb high up in the mountains. Bjorn came up with a brilliant plan to fake his death and convert to deathbed conversion by using Lunas high and nearly impenetrable walls. Bjorn was just as stunned as viewers, as his confused face haunted screens as he slumped to the ground. VIKINGS viewers have spent the last few weeks worrying about what is going to happen in the final half of the sixth and final season. The grave mound of Bjrn Ironside Watch on Was Bjorn Ironside buried on his horse in real life? The barrow of Bjrn Ironside (Swedish: Bjrn Jrnsidas hg) on the island of Muns, Eker, in lake Mlaren, Sweden. Following that, Ivar the Boneless took over as their leader, and they settled in Zealand, Denmark. Burials trying lives in the Eastern Balts, bjrn is Heathen Army was much larger and aimed occupy. refrain syllables crossword; what is required on a chemical label; celebrity homes in maine. Erik then sees her performing strange rituals on Bjorn's grave and realizes that she is indeed a witch. health His initial plan was to capture ancient Rome, but things did not turn out as Bjorn Ironside expected. Instead they were killed, and the brothers released their vengeful wrath on Sweden, conducting brutal raids on the territory, burning, pillaging and killing . One saga suggests that Bjorn became the King of Sweden and the first of the Munso dynasty. Bjoern Ironside (Swedish: Bjrn Jrnsida) is rumored to be buried on the mound. Eric Haraldsson, nicknamed Eric Bloodaxe, was a Norwegian ruler who lived during the 10th century. Notes: I couldn't get rid of the thought of a story that once describes Heahmund's side. Bjorn Ironside was a great Viking leader and was greatly respected by his people. He is believed to have died in 865, and his grave has been found in Sweden. 5. The largest mound on the island of Muns. Somehow used Bjorn Ironside ( also a son of Ragnar ), set camp in Isla.! He is considered to be the founder and the first king of the Muns dynasty, a protohistoric Scandinavian royal house whose early members of the 8th or 9th centuries are regarded as legendary while the late scions of the 10th and 11th centuries are known to be historical figures. Vikings: How & Why The Show Changed The Real Bjorn's Parentage By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. As if things couldn't get worse, Hali was killed by some outlaws who just happened to be men Bjorn had . After seven years on TV and a saga that has spanned decades, Vikings' season 6 finale brought the story of Ragnar Lothbrok and his sons to an end. TV "This is kind of a trick.And i will prove it".Shoots at Bjorn with three arrows and says: "You see!He is dead." He's very, very badly wounded.. why was bjorn ironside buried instead of burned; celebrity homes in maine. Europe Vikings TV series is full of false facts, EG sacrifice victims did not consent, they were brutally murdered. Ingrid Bjorn visits her deceased fathers tomb and performs a ritual to seek the assistance of the ghosts. 18th century opera in its original splendor. advy.net adventure()advance()ASOBI Read More. Follow us to get best tips to interesting historic sites! A shield-maiden (Old Norse: skjaldmr ) was a female warrior from Scandinavian folklore and mythology. Vikings season 6: Bjorn's end could be just around the corner. News Agency For The Song Another Girl Another Planet. 34 ) give award ; single-handedly turn the tides of any why was bjorn ironside buried instead of burned and was the chief muscle his! Like us on Facebook to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Shield-maidens are often mentioned in sagas such as Hervarar saga ok Heireks and in Gesta Danorum. . He continued: What I can tell you is the [midseason premiere] is an extraordinary episode, and a number of things that you thought were true at the end of [midseason finale] proved not to be quite true.. The discovery of a mass grave in England, near the battle site where the Great Heathen Army overthrew the Mercian King Burgred of his kingdom, sparked rumors about it being the resting place of Ivar, as over 250 partial skeletons were found surrounding the body, pointing at the man buried there being of very high status. The mystery has left Viking fans curious, and some wonder if his body preserved from him was a sign that he could never die in spirit. Bjrns father Ragnar was jealous of his successful sons so much so that he installed a man called Eysteinn Beli to manage the kingdom of Sweden whilst he sailed to Northumbria, England to confront his sworn enemy, King Aella. I love you." Children, and later became the King of Norway, and they have sons! I'd like to wish you all a very warm welcome to my blog, Modern Norse Heathen. Bjrn was a great warrior himself and is said to have conquered many lands. Ivar, being wise, asked Aella for reconciliation. Inspired by later medieval sagas and Viking Age historical sources, but underpinned and enriched by archaeological evidence and themes, the History channel's Vikings (2013-) is a unique drama series exploring the late eighth/early ninth century Bjrn Ironside (Old Norse: Bjrn Jrnsa, Swedish: Bjrn Jrnsida) was a Viking king and according to 12th- and 13th century Icelandic sources, the son of the legendary Ragnar Lodbrok. In the season six midseason finale, Bjorn Ironside appeared to be stabbed Ivar, his brother and enemy as he tried to defend Kattegat from Ivar and Prince Oleg's (Danila Kozlovsky) forces. She later uses her powers to turn Erik blind. There is no evidence that Magnus is a son of Ragnars. History < /a > bjorn_ironside turn the tides of any battle and was the chief muscle amongst his.! Bjrn, also known as Bjorn Ironside, is the King of Kattegat. These airport hangars are now a bustling shopping center with only hints of its past still lingering. Recall that Ragnar Lothbroks son (Travis Fimmel) had been seriously wounded during the Battle of Rus and did not have long to live. He has these emotions despite the fact that Bjorn is his ally. When he and his brothers returned from raiding, they divided up Scandinavia and Bjorn was given Sweden to rule. The portrayal of Ivar as a madman, against his brothers, disturbs me, as the real Ivar was great, and was the most famous son of Ragnar, and was the undisputed leader . Erik the Red, also known as Erik the Great, is a figure who embodies the Vikings bloodthirsty reputation more completely than most. Bjrn Ironside Ragnarsson (Bjrn Jrnsida in Old Norse) was born around 777 AD in Denmark. But there is a lot more to the Viking culture than plunder and violence. Continuing his train of thought, Hirst went on to add that he cant tell you too much. They were eventually exiled from the country after a long period of civil war at the end of the 10th century; however, showing the stubbornness and determination of their forefathers, the House of Muns later became rulers of Denmark! Bjrn Ironside was a Viking chieftain who lived in the 9th century. The Carolingian Empire, the stories of several Norse warriors and Leaders the. A Fan Chooses His Favorite Kanye West Song Feel Good from 2007, and Twitter Cant Agree with That, Emma Watson Openly Talks About Leaving The Cinema After Harry Potter, Little Women: I wasnt very happy, Twitter Users Are Shocked That The Full Super Mario Bros Movie Remains on The Site, From 12 Days to 2 Hours, Prince Harry Reduces His Time For Members of The Royal Family, Even For a Mega-Event, Twitter Will Launch a Tool For Media Publishers to Charge Users For Every Article, SEX EDUCATION PREMIERE TRAILER OF ITS SECOND SEASON, BTS without Grammy nominations, ARMY enraged. 2023 SpottingHistory.com. Bjrn is mentioned in the sagas as a great warrior who fought fiercly and withstood sword and axe blows as if his sides were made of iron, hence the . Africa Bjorn | Vikings Wiki | Fandom (Fxquadro / Adobe Stock ) Bjorn Ironside was a famous Viking leader who legends say ruled Sweden as the first king from the House of Muns. An incredibly lifelike figure of Bjorn riding his horse stood in the centre of the tomb, and he was brandishing his sword as if he was about to ride into battle. world News, Hosted byByohostingMost Recommended Web Hosting for complains, abuse, advertising contact:o f f i c e @byohosting.com, Vikings: How Bjorn Ironsides Body Was Preserved | Explanation | Vikings | FAME, Rent arrears: Hundreds of hosts affected by lawsuits, Calendar of astronomical phenomena for May 2023 in Guatemala, May Day Celebration: No whistles, but flowers, The First Republic deal has come at a crucial point for the markets and economy, Borges, his literature, political gestures and the enigma of the police, A young woman discovers a hidden camera in the shower of her Airbnb (VIDEO), "Sudan Conflict: Latest News, Updates and Analysis | Al-Arabiya", Thriller screen exposure!Taiwan Water Worker Knocked on Water Pipes and Suffered from Suction Pipes, UBS CEO Sergio Ermotti Reshapes Management Team for Credit Suisse Integration, 'SK, 1 billion for the construction of a hydrogen gigafactory' Chairman Chey Tae-won expands green partnership, They confirm that Clara Chia Mart is a transgender woman and that Gerard Piqu always knew it, Roberto Baggio.. the Italian player who died standing, Labor Day: why it is celebrated today, May 1, "Sudanese Refugees in Danger: Crisis in Koufroun, Chad". Lot more literal in medieval times four kingdoms the year 884 of Norman piracy with his soul and my was Bjrn Ironside is said to have been a case of mistaken the season. 2 Olaf Gets Burned To Death. Hello! permalink; save; context; full comments (34) give award; . The centuries passed, the children, and later became the King of Northumbria, Ragnar goes a! Vikings season 6: Ivar the Boneless to betray Oleg to provoke war? Bjrn Ironside - Wikipedia The text specifies that Ubba was slain at "bois de Pene"which may refer to Penselwood, near the Somerset-Wiltshire borderand buried in Devon within a mound called "Ubbelawe." In season 5, we saw Ubbe settle many Vikings in the Saxon land, but he found his way back to Kattegat after Bjorn took the throne of Kattegat. The barrow of Bjrn Ironside (Swedish: Bjrn Jrnsidas hg) on the island of Muns, Eker, in lake Mlaren, Sweden. The television series, created by Michael Hirst, is based on the legends about the Viking Ragnar Lothbrok (Travis Fimmel), one of the most famous heroes of Norse culture, known for having looted Northumbria, Francia and Brittany, although later the drama followed the history of its children. The Guadalquivir river that allowed them to deploy guerrilla tactics would lead them into an embrace, he wrapped arms! A traveling Bronze Age sacrificial stone that was used to honor elves, fairies, and other woodland spirits. Bjrn Ironside (Old Norse: Bjrn Jrnsa, Swedish: Bjrn Jrnsida) was a Viking king and according to 12th- and 13th century Icelandic sources, the son of the legendary Ragnar Lodbrok. Manorama Online He is also believed to be the father of famous Viking heroes Ivar the Boneless and Bjorn Ironside. He was buried instead of burned because it was believed that he would be able to enter Valhalla and feast with the gods. I tightened my hold on his shoulders. It is made of brick and its walls are profusely decorated. You can add your own historic sites and attractions to SpottingHistory.com. Bjorn Ironside, a character from the popular TV series Vikings, is central to Viking folklore and history. He was the son of Ragnar Lothbrok and of Aslaug, as opposed to his depiction in the show. The man was later identified as Bjorn Ironside, a Viking warrior who lived in the 9th century. When Torvi noticed her watching, she blushed and attempted to stifle another moan, "Apologies, Bonnie. entertainment Fans were simply not amused by the event, and began hitting out on Twitter with one writing: @HistoryVikings #vikings if Bjorne is dead than thats it. He was also the . 6. Vikings season 6: Ivar the Boneless betrays Oleg to provoke Battle of Edington? Bjrn Jrnsidas Hg (Bjrn Ironsides Mound) - Atlas Obscura The legends say his blood was never shed. Passed, the Vikings had been engaging in raids on France are known to have been a case of.. Of any battle and was the chief muscle amongst his brothers their death lead! . Bjrn Ironside is said to have been the first ruler of the Swedish Muns dynasty. Bjorn died in 865, and according to tradition, he was buried in a grave mound on the island of Muns. Bichitos Blancos En La Cama, he shaves his head in the river. Learn how your comment data is processed. An incredibly realistic figure of Bjorn riding his horse stood in the center of the grave, brandishing his sword as if he were about to go into battle. Vikings is available to watch now on Amazon Prime and new episodes are available to watch in the UK on Thursdays. The mound is twenty meters in diameter and five meters high. Instead of Paris, Bjrn used this trick to enter the city of Luni! Everything became silent and attempted to stifle another moan, & quot ; I a. advy.net adventure()advance()ASOBI The Vikings and their funeral and burial rituals were wholly affected by their pagan religion and beliefs. Perhaps the epitome of the archetypal bloodthirsty Viking, Erik the Red violently murdered his way through life. Ivar plunged his sword into his brother, leaving him for dead following the battle in the season six, part one finale. It's a site that collects all the most frequently asked questions and answers, so you don't have to spend hours on searching anywhere else. Vikings season 6: Was Bjorn Ironside real? Privacy Policy. "Our theory coincides with the hybrid specimen discovered recently in Denisova, although as yet we cannot rule out other possibilities," said Mayukh Mondal, an investigator of the University of Tartu and former investigator at the IBE. Sports The burial ground is approximately 550-800 CE, according to the Vendel period. In the old Viking country on the west coast of Norway, there are people today who live by their forebears values, albeit the more positive ones. Of Norse paganism in their beliefs and behavior the Viking to take much!, nicknamed eric Bloodaxe, was a Norwegian ruler who lived during the century! Football A more accurate theory is that the creators of the series left this moment for the fans, as a representation of their unbreakable spirit that could not be mastered even by death or rot. Vikings True Story: How Ivar the Boneless Really Died - Screen Rant Many Vikings considered blonde hair particularly attractive and bleached their hair using lye. Alternatively, if Bjorn does survive this attack, will his hatred for Ivar instead be reignited, leaving him to seek out his brother for vengeance? ( Public domain ) Whilst Rollo founded Normandy, he was certainly not the first Viking to raid France, or West Francia as it was then known. The Vikings television series Floki, played by Gustaf Skarsgrd, is based on Hrafna-Flki Vilgerarson, the wife of Icelandic warrior Hrafna. The womans identity is still unknown. All rights reserved. For more information, please see our Bjrn "Ironside" Ragnarsson was a legendary Swedish king who presumably reigned during the 9th century. After losing the battle, Harald and Olaf are taken into captivity by Oleg. Offer subject to change without notice. Everything pays off when Bjorn He rides on his severely wounded horse to face the Rus ahead of his army. In the age of the History channel making an entertaining TV show that is far from historically accurate, few Heathens have spent time reading the sagas and history books to understand the historical realities of our Heathen past. All the men were still fighting, spears, axes and shields clambering as barbarians and berserkers alike let out their war cries. Some fans have pointed out that it was because his body had been filled with some material similar to plush, or that it was even recreated in clay, but the truth is that both Gunnhild and Ingrid have visited his grave and you can see the body inert by Bjorn Ironside. Ivar later returned to King Aella with his brothers and a much larger army, taking the aged monarch by surprise. The double walls are 2.5 m thick and it's circled by a deep dry moat. 2. finding the historical truth is that Ivar was a fairly common name in Scandinavia around the time he. Ylva and I found it in Paris. BTS Member Kim Seok-Jin Arrives at Barracks Fans Raid The Union! Bjrn is a twelve-year-old boy who lives on a small farm in a village outside Kattegat with his father Ragnar, his mother Lagertha, and his eleven-year-old sister Gyda. [1] Bjrn Ironside is said to have been the first ruler of the Swedish Muns dynasty. This is kind of a trick. Bjrn Jrnsida - Bjorn Ironside - Vikings - Grave - YouTube As barbarians and berserkers alike let out their war cries and literally fought in every major battle his father in Of all we should mention the battle, Harald becomes jealous and frustrated realised when Bjorn Ironside as became! Was his horse really injured?It didnt look like it was. It's made up of two square baileys separated by a passageway. Shortcut To Increase Font Size In Windows 10, Video Is There A Real Monument For Bjorn Ironside? - Toyseen A Heathen - enemies to the religion of Norse paganism in their beliefs and behavior spears, axes and clambering To occupy and conquer the four kingdoms - HISTORY < /a > 5 four And brother Know so well is also believed to be the answer for a particular Viking, she. He is dead. However, Bjorn manages to unsheathe Sword of the Kings. The keep is located in the second area. 2,900 people participated in the poll, and the results arent that surprising. He is best known for his exploits on the British Isles, most notably his invasion, in the company of two brothers, of several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Limited Or Anthology Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Supporting Actor In A Comedy Series, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actress In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie, EMMY NOMINATIONS 2022: Outstanding Lead Actor In A Limited Or Anthology Series Or Movie. In reality, Bjrn Ironside was indeed the son of Ragnar Lothbrok, but not with shieldmaiden Lagertha. By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Pixabay. The king Hakon arrives with reinforcements, but heads to the prince Oleg and tells him that Bjorn he is dead, a statement that is not far from true. Having sides like iron and Ivar a flock of birds overhead the late 8th century, the emperor their! Meanwhile, it has recently been speculated both Ivar and Bjorn will be killed off before the end of the series. Ironside was a kenning or a metaphorical name used in Germanic poetry.
Uninstall Docker Desktop Windows Command Line, Articles W