Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. This border was established in the 1846 Oregon Treaty. #APHG #APHUG #APHG4 either the copyright owner or a person authorized to act on their behalf. Antecedent boundaries are drawn before the cultural landscape emerged and before a large population was present, like the border between the US and Canada. Download free-response questions from past exams along with scoring guidelines, sample responses from exam takers, and scoring distributions. The Green Line is a boundary that separates Israel and Palestine. In 1930, the League of Nations accepted this three nautical mile limit, which was standardised by the Supreme Court of Holland in 1703. A physical boundary is a naturally occurring barrier between two areas.Rivers,mountain ranges,oceans, anddeserts can all serve as physical boundaries. A boundary is the outer edge of a region or area of land. The purpose of the border is to separate the majority-Arab Palestinians and the majority-Jewish Israelis. For example, the border between the United States and Canada is an open boundary. We cite peer reviewed academic articles wherever possible and reference our sources at the end of our articles. Geometric Boundary - Definition & Examples (Human Geography) , What is an example of a superimposed boundary? A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Te. Example: Boudaries on a map. Verified answer. They are, by definition, political boundaries. The border is one of the most heavily militarized borders in the world and has been the site of several wars, most notably the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the Kargil War in 1999. The boundary between the US and Mexico. Hadrians Wall was a defensive boundary that was superimposed by the Roman Empire in northern England to mark the empires northern limit. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. Consequent Boundary - Definition & Examples (Human Geography) In Bahrain, many of the countrys Southeast Asian migrant population does not live in communities with ethnic Bahrainis. 1. ? Other boundaries created by people includelinguistic,economic, and social boundaries. Check out the AP Human Geography Ultimate Review Packet! Track your scores, create tests, and take your learning to the next level! The western boundary of the U.S. moved from the Mississippi River to what is now Yellowstone National Park. A Packet made by Mr. Sinn to help you succeed not only on the AP Test but in your class as well!https://www.ultimatereviewpacket.com/courses/human-geo Follow Mr. SinnDiscord Server: https://discord.gg/ezdyhHAC8M Twitter: https://twitter.com/MrSinn_ChannelInstagram: https://www.instagram.com/iammrsinn/Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/iammrsinnSubscribe and hit the bell to see a new videos. An antecedent boundary which has been abandoned for political purposes but is still evident in the cultural landscape may be called a relict boundary. What are the different types of borders and boundaries? The buffer zone is a site of significant tension and remains militarized. This is a line, either real or imaginary, that separates geographical regions of the Earth. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. Northern Sudan is mostlyMuslim, southwestern Sudan is mostlyChristian, and southeastern Sudan has more followers ofanimismthan the other two regions. Have all your study materials in one place. The border was built and, to secure it, soldiers were sent to the border, where a barracks was created once every Roman mile across the length of the border. Mexico is the country to the south of the United States. Sometimes, political boundaries can also separate cultures, languages, ethnicities and cultural resources. About Canada The country is bordered by Alaska (USA) in west, and by 12 US states of the continental United States in south, Canada shares maritime borders with Greenland (an autonomous territory of Denmark) and Saint Pierre and Miquelon, an island which belongs to France. If all ethnic groups in Africa were to be enclosed in their own boundaries, Africa would have over 2,000 countries (1). We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. The 38th parallel was the original boundary between the United States and Soviet brief administration areas of Korea at the end of World War II. If you look at Papua New Guinea, youll notice that its eastern border with Indonesia is a straight line. While the colonizers hadnt settled in the west, there were many Native Americans who were living along both sides of the 49th parallel whose lands were arbitrarily split by the colonizers borders. Without advertising income, we can't keep making this site awesome for you. In 1901, the six colonies came together to form the Commonwealth of Australia and there are virtually no border disputes due to the nations cohesive federated identity. Political boundaries are characterised by an imaginary line, which separates countries, states, provinces, counties, cities, and towns. endstream endobj 579 0 obj <>/Metadata 113 0 R/Pages 576 0 R/StructTreeRoot 218 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 580 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/Properties<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 612.0 792.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 581 0 obj <>stream If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Two examples are: Political boundaries occur on different scales: No matter at which scale the political boundary is, they demarcate political control, determine the distribution of resources, demarcate areas of military control, divide economic markets, and create areas of legal rule. A boundary is the outer edge of a region or area of land. Unlike a subsequent boundary, where the border is drawn to separate two settled groups, this border was mostly drawn to anticipate future settlement. Types of Borders - Geography We can distinguish three types of borders in Geography: Defined: borders that are established by a legal document. Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. These natural boundaries are a logical choice for a boundary as they are visible and they tend to interfere with human movement and interaction. For example, the predominant language in France is French, and the predominant language in Germany is German. , What type of boundary is the Great Wall of China? An identification of the copyright claimed to have been infringed; As with Australia and Canada, the US states were drawn up by surveyors before significant colonization had taken place. as With a natural boundary, however, all countries involved must agree on a method of marking a boundary line, using methods such as stones, poles, or buoys. Th Boundary Waters is a section of border land between Minnesota and Ontario. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. The border was originally supposed to follow the 141st meridian west but Canada (at the time, British North America) negotiated a few changes to secure better port access on the Arctic Ocean. An example is China's Song Dynasty which, in the 11th century, built an extensive defensive forest on its northern border to hinder the nomadic Khitan people. Your email address will not be published. The Berlin Wall was a defensive fortification that separated West Berlin, which was an enclave of the Western Bloc, from East Berlin, which was a part of the Eastern Bloc. Often, political boundaries are classified by whether or not they follow distinct physical features. Physical boundaries are natural features on the landscape such as rivers, lakes, and mountains. Social boundaries occur where social differences lead to unequal access to resources and opportunities. AP Human Geography- Chapter 8 Flashcards | Quizlet Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. It is the boundary between southwestern Europe and north-western Africa. It can be a real or artificial line that separates geographic areas. Borders are, by definition, political boundaries, and they separate countries, states, provinces, counties, cities and towns. Some borders split ethnic groups that are more closely related to the people on the other side of the border. A divergent boundary is the boundary between two plates that are pulling away from each other. The wall was built in 122 AD by the Roman Emperor Hadrian and was garrisoned by Roman troops. 49th Parallel Border The 49th Parallel is the straight-line border between the US and Canada. As a result, the current conflict between Russia and Ukraine has been problematic for the Ukrainian central government because of the Russian affiliation with eastern Ukraine. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. The benefit of geometric boundaries is that they are easy to mark on a map and easy to understand. Learn more about our academic and editorial standards. 5) Financial and Material Boundaries. The Strait of Gibraltar is the boundary between southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa. Antecedent Boundary A boundary that already existed before the present settlement in that area occurred. This is very similar to the open borders of the EU. Flipped Lecture Unit 6-1 Sanchez APHUG Political Boundaries, 2022 Best Combined Masters and Teaching Credential Programs, Ethical Considerations in Geography Fieldwork, Mastering the Academic Discipline of Geography, How to Create HTML Website - Step by Step Tutorial, University of Exeter: Zulassung, Unterricht, Kurse, Stipendien, Ranking 2022, Top 10 Podcasts for Australian Accountants in 2020 | Tax Talks, AuditClub Founder Honored as an Innovator to Watch by Accounting Today, Playlist Trouwfeest muziek Huwelijk liedjes - Trouwfeest DJ. The origins of the Australian state borders can be traced back to the late 18th century, when the British began colonizing the continent. Sometimes, political boundaries follow physical boundaries, but most of the time you cant see them. Transform boundary: also known as a transform fault. AP Human Geo - 4.6 Internal Boundaries | Fiveable the Great Wall of China, the US/Mexico border, the Berlin Wall Students also viewed AP Human Types of Boundaries 12 terms stellapierson AP Human Geography - Types of Boundaries 5 terms QuizzerPran Industrialization & Economic Development 41 terms witkowsa Teacher Geometric boundaries are simply straight lines drawn on a map. The 49th parallel is an example of an antecedent boundary. Likewise, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea is separated by another geometric boundary along the 141st meridian. They are, therefore, a stateless nation. The agreement also allowed for joint occupation of the Oregon Country, which was located south of the 49th parallel. The boundary between France and Spain. The creation of a landscape border is usually motivated by demarcating treaty-designed political boundaries. Sometimes these boundaries fall on national borders. The Pyrenees Mountains, separating France and Spain. About The Helpful Professor 7 Antecedent Boundary Examples 1. Airspace is an area within the Earth's atmosphere above a specific country or territory controlled by that country. McMahon Line - India-China International Boundary Line. Hadrians Wall was built by the Roman Emperor Hadrian in the 2nd century AD. The crane has an estimated life of 7 years, a fair value of$240,000, and a cost to Cleveland of $240,000. (Video) 4.4 Defining Political Boundaries (Unit 4 Political Geography, Topic 4 of AP Human Geography), (Video) AP Human Geography - Boundaries that Change. which specific portion of the question an image, a link, the text, etc your complaint refers to; About The Helpful Professor International. It was used intermittently by the Roman empire until the empire retreated from Britain in the 5th century. , What is an example of a social boundary? Frontier: A zone of territory where no state has governing authority. Boundaries. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. As with North America, the borders completely ignored the fact Aboriginal people were caring for the land for millennia before white colonizers arrived. , Which of the following is a boundary between India and China? Studentsshould always cross-check any information on this site with their course teacher. One of the most confusing sections (for myself) was the vocab- heavy unit of political-geography; most notably the section about boundaries and border types. Transform boundaries are created when plates slide along each other. The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separates North Korea from South Korea. McMahon Line is the effective boundary between China and India and the line is named after Sir Henry McMahon, foreign secretary of the British-run Government of India and the chief negotiator of the convention at Simla. Different people have different boundaries: Some people reject most physical contact, such as a handshake, upon greeting. , What are the 3 types of boundaries define each quizlet? Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Oceans are vast expanses of water that separate countries, islands, and even whole continents from one another. Another prime example of where boundaries do not coincide closely with ethnic groups is in Africa. Cite this Article in your Essay (APA Style), Privacy PolicyTerms and ConditionsDisclaimerAccessibility StatementVideo Transcripts. Sometimes the plates grind past each other, creating earthquake faultlines. This follows the Rio Grande river. An important type of political boundary in the United States is the boundary of a congressional district. The wall has seen use in several periods of Chinese history, the most significant being the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD) when it was used to defend China from Mongolian and Manchu invasions. After Brexit, the ability of UK residents in Gibraltar to freely travel into Spain for work and recreation was thrown into question, but to date, Spain has made efforts to allow them to freely cross. Maritime Boundaries. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. Function of Political Boundaries [AP HUMAN GEOGRAPHY] Unit 4 Topic 5 (4.5), 2. AP Human Geography Past Exam Questions - College Board The Indonesian military started by bombing towns and villages in the area and then sending in ground troops. For instance, several wars have occurred because the Somali ethnic group is split between five different countries. Please follow these steps to file a notice: A physical or electronic signature of the copyright owner or a person authorized to act on their behalf; Mostmaps show political boundaries. Name 3 boundary issues that can occur within Social boundaries. Home; About AP. Please be advised that you will be liable for damages (including costs and attorneys fees) if you materially This is called adivergent boundary. Today, it stands as a relic boundary that is no longer in use but remains a popular tourist site. Ilsegretodelsuccesso is a website that writes about many topics of interest to you, it's a blog that shares knowledge and insights useful to everyone in many fields. You are probably well aware of borders on land that separate regions and countries, but did you know that there are also borders and boundaries that divide the waters around us and the airspace above us? Another type of physical boundary lies below Earths surface. Thus, if you are not sure content located Sometimes, political boundaries can be a natural geographic feature, such as a river. Like most rivers, the Rio Grande shiftsgradually (and sometimes abruptly) through time. AP Human Geography: Unit 4 Vocab w/ Examples - Quizlet Will you pass the quiz? Defining Political Boundaries! Your email address will not be published. PDF Borders, Boundaries, and Barriers - Esri Native Americans populated (and were custodians of) all of North America prior to European colonization. Boundary surveys are carried out by surveyors and engineers using historical records, field observations, and careful measurement. The San Andreas Fault and Queen Charlotte Fault are transform plate boundaries developing where the Pacific Plate moves northward past the North American Plate. It shows where 1 area/region ends and another begins. What are 3 examples of waterway boundaries? They are often compared to antecedent boundaries which are boundaries that are established before political groups move into a region. There were very few settlements at the time the border was drawn. This is an example of an antecedent border because there were no colonizer towns or settlements on either side of the border when it was constructed. An allocational boundary dispute is a dispute over the right to resources. As a result of the fact that the course of a river is not fixed, a river boundary can be problematic. No matter what, borders and boundaries are all around us and influence our lives every single day. The Andes Mountains are a remaining frontier, acting as a natural boundary between Chile and Argentina. In geography, which 3 types of borders can be distinguished? All Rights Reserved. An example of the latter is New York City, where you have the wealthy Upper West Side in Manhattan and its neighbour, the low-income neighbourhood of the Bronx. The border was established in 1921 when the north-eastern majority-protestant counties voted to stay with the UK while the rest of Ireland voted for political independence. , Why is the Berlin Wall an example of a relic boundary? The most obvious type of boundaryis a physical boundary. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. If you believe that content available by means of the Website (as defined in our Terms of Service) infringes one The North American Plate also forms a transform boundary with the Pacific Plate. Some examples of mountain ranges as boundaries include the Zagros Mountains between Iraq and Iran, the Pyrenees between Spain and France, and the Andes Mountains between Chile and Argentina. AP Human Geography Exam - AP Central | College Board An antecedent boundary is a political boundary that existed before the land was populated by the current inhabitants. The border is a result of the partition of British India which saw millions killed and displaced in sectarian violence. With improved navigation of the seas/oceans in the 1600s came the need for legal statuses, starting with the British claiming the three nautical mile (3.45 mi/5.6km) limit in 1672, which was about the distance a cannon projectile could travel. This is a line, either real or imaginary, that separates geographical areas of the Earth. Subsequent/ethnographic boundaries are formed based on religious, ethnic, linguistic, and economic differences between groups of people. Although the Gadsden Purchase was widely criticized at the time as being too expensive, it has since been hailed as one of the most important real estate deals in American history. There are different types of boundaries: Mountains can form a physical boundary between two or more countries. After theU.S. Census, which is taken every 10 years, the population of a state may grow or shrink enough to gain or lose a representative in the House. Often, these boundaries coincide with political boundaries. What are the 3 types of boundaries with tectonic plates? Explanation: When a line of latitude or longitude is used to delineate the political barrier between two states we call that boundary a geometric boundary. One famous example of a geometric boundary is the 49th parallel between the United States of America and Canada. Other people embrace when they meet. Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. In many cases, but not always, political boundaries between countries or states are formed along physical boundaries. Sometimes one plate slides underneath the other, creatingvolcanoes andearthquakes. https://helpfulprofessor.com/author/admin/, Divided Attention: 10 Examples and Overview, Machiavellianism: 10 Examples and Definition, Overgeneralization: 10 Examples and Definition, 17 Gender Stereotype Examples (For Men and Women). As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. 2023 Ilsegretodelsuccesso. 22 are recognised by the government as 'official languages'. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Borders and boundaries can either be natural or artificial/manmade. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. What 3 agreements were recorded in the 1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea? Germanys eastern border was moved farther west, and the country itself was later divided into East Germany and West Germany. When I first started teaching human geography, I quickly realized that there are about 50 vocabulary concepts with synonyms that are NOT in my textbook. The consent between the relevant nations that is needed to change international political borders is not always respected, making political boundaries frequent sites of conflict. Examples of Internal Boundaries Here are a few specific examples of internal boundaries: The Great Wall of China: The Great Wall of China is a series of walls and fortifications that were built over a period of more than 2,000 years to protect the Chinese empire from nomadic invaders. AP Human Geo - 4.4 Defining Political Boundaries | Fiveable a While landscape borders, like natural boundaries, can be forests, water bodies or mountains, landscape borders are artificial instead of natural. As for vertical borders, there are no international rules on how far an airspace border goes up into outer space. It is the boundary between southwestern Europe and north-western Africa, The Rio Grande: forming the boundary between the US and Mexico, The Mississippi River: a defining boundary between many of the states that it flows through, such as Louisiana and Mississippi, The Pyrenees Mountains, separating France and Spain. However, Native Americans moved into those lands in order to avoid the violence perpetrated by the colonizers. Interaction between tectonic plates creates activity on their boundaries. Introduction: My name is Rev. Book: Introduction to Human Geography (Dorrell and Henderson), { "8.01:_Introduction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "8.02:_How_Political_Space_Is_Organized" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "8.03:_Cooperation_Between_States" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "8.04:_Boundaries_and_Boundary_Disputes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "8.05:_The_Electoral_Process" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "8.06:_Key_Terms_Defined" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "8.07:_Works_Consulted_and_Further_Reading" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "8.08:_Endnotes" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Introduction_to_Geography" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Population_and_Health" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Migration" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Folk_Culture_and_Popular_Culture" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_The_Geography_of_Language" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Religion" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Ethnicity_and_Race" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Political_Geography" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_Development_and_Wealth" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Agriculture_and_Food" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Industry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Human_Settlements" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Environment_and_Resources" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "license:ccby", "showtoc:no", "authorname:dorellehenderson", "program:galileo", "licenseversion:40", "source@https://web.ung.edu/media/university-press/human-geography.pdf" ], https://socialsci.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fsocialsci.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FGeography_(Human)%2FBook%253A_Introduction_to_Human_Geography_(Dorrell_and_Henderson)%2F08%253A_Political_Geography%2F8.04%253A_Boundaries_and_Boundary_Disputes, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), source@https://web.ung.edu/media/university-press/human-geography.pdf. A consequent boundary is a political boundary that has been established as a consequence of a political settlement between two opposing cultural, ethnic, or political groups. Seekprofessional input on your specific circumstances. The standard for borders around the world, however, lies somewhere in between. All the advice on this site is general in nature. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. , What are the 4 types of boundary disputes? AP Human Geography - AP Students | College Board The US-Mexico Border was established in 1848 following the Mexican-American War. 101 S. Hanley Rd, Suite 300 Natural boundaries are a recognisable geographic features, such as mountains, rivers or deserts. , What is the difference between antecedent and relic boundary? This border was established in the 1846 Oregon Treaty.
Difference Between Exploratory And Conclusive Research, Little St James Island Guest List Pdf, What Does Johnny Crawford Look Like Today, Articles E