Because the Greeks feared to speak their name, however, they sometimes called these goddesses by the euphemistic name the Eumenides (Kind Ones). In most cases, when the norns pass judgment, it means death to those who have been judged - in this case, Halfdan. The singular form of the name is Erinys (Greek , translit. Wearing all black and carrying whips, these three goddesses of vengeance and justice also had bat wings. The Furies of Greek mythology are monstrous women who lived in the underworld and avenged murders, particularly matricides. 518ca. Fenrir/Fenris, The Giant Wolf In Norse Mythology Furies | Mythology, Names, & Facts | Britannica Were building the worlds most authoritative, online mythology resource, with engaging, accessible content that is both educational and compelling to read. Ffnisml contains a discussion between the hero Sigurd and the dragon Fafnir who is dying from a mortal wound from Sigurd. These festivals usually involved animal sacrifices (sometimes pregnant victims were specifically chosen), nephalia, and flower garlands.[46]. Knowing that his sister, the shieldmaiden Hervr, is one of the casualties, Angantr looks at his dead brother and laments the cruelty of the norns: In younger legendary sagas, such as Norna-Gests ttr and Hrlfs saga kraka, the norns appear to have been synonymous with vlvas (witches, female shamans). [3], It was only at a later period that the Erinyes acquired individual names: Tisiphone (Greek , translit. A valkyrie (pronounced "VAL-ker-ee"; Old Norse valkyrja, plural valkyrjur, "choosers of the fallen") is a female helping spirit of the god Odin. One of their sacred animals was the screech owl, attributed to them because their screaming voices were said to drive their victims mad long before the scourges killed them. Alcmaeon killed his mother, fulfilling his oath, but was hunted by the Furies for the crime of matricide. There are several different versions about the creation of the Furies. Athena declares Orestes acquitted because of the rules she established for the trial. Hymn 68 refers to them as the Erinyes, while hymn 69 refers to them as the Eumenides. This name, meaning the well-meaning or kindly ones, was said to recognize the inherent good done by justice and the Erinyes. They managed to reach the Norns and find out that Heimdall (Watchman of Asgard) is planning to kill Atreus. Vlusp relates that three giants of huge might are reported to have arrived to the gods from Jotunheim: Vafrnisml probably refers to the norns when it talks of maiden giants who arrive to protect the people of earth as protective spirits (hamingjas):[2][19]. It shows that he has paid his penance for his blood crime, as well as come to integrate the balancing powers to his early over-reliance upon Apollo, the god of the individual, the sun, and reason. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Ye, I invoke, dread pow'rs, whom all revere; Nightly, profound, in secret who retire, Tisiphone, Alecto, and Megara dire: Deep in a cavern merg'd, involv'd in night, near where Styx flows impervious to the sight; Ever attendant on mysterious rites, furious and fierce, whom Fate's dread law delights; Revenge and sorrows dire to you belong, hid in a savage veil, severe and strong, Terrific virgins, who forever dwell endu'd with various forms, in deepest hell; Aerial, and unseen by human kind, and swiftly coursing, rapid as the mind. Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.25.2ff; cf. Giant by Edna Ferber | Summary & Analysis, The Lightning Thief: Book Summary & Characters, Elysian Fields in Greek Mythology | Overview, Depictions & Beliefs, The Oresteia Trilogy by Aeschylus | Summary, Greek Mythology, Themes & Plot, Greek Goddess of Justice | Themis Meaning & Symbol in Greek Mythology, Female Mythical Creatures | Female Monsters & Mythical Characters. The Furies are described as looking like hags. Muses, Creatures & Winds in Greek Mythology, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, What is a Harpy in Greek Mythology? When Agamemnon at last returned from the Trojan War, he was murdered by his wife Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus. Ibycus (sixth century BCE): In one poem, which now survives only as a fragment (frag. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Jack and Annie meet the Norns on one of their missions in Magic Tree House. She was seen as a powerful force who was capable of exacting justice on those who had wronged others. Eumendes), which translates to something like well-meaning ones.[5] But the Erinyes had other euphemistic names or epithets in the ancient Greek world, including Semnae (Greek , translit. The Furies in Greek Mythology | The Furies Names & Symbols They were depicted as hideous crones, although the extent of their terrible appearance depended on the imagination of the particular author or artist. Norns are present in Philip K. Dick's Galactic Pot-Healer, as entities keeping a book where the future is already written. In Greek mythology, the span of a person's life was controlled by three goddesses. Greek law made no distinction between degrees of murder or manslaughter. Erinyes (Furies). Mythopedia, 9 Mar. Day felt her presence, Night interposed her pitchy cloud and startled his shining steeds; far off towering Atlas shuddered and shifted the weight of heaven upon his trembling shoulders. This relates to the perception of norns as shadowy, background figures who only really ever reveal their fateful secrets to people as their fates come to pass. https://www.theoi.com/Khthonios/Erinyes.html. Come, snaky-hair'd, Fates [Moirai] many-form'd, divine, suppress your rage, and to our rites incline. 438 BCE): The Erinyes appear occasionally in the poems of Pindar as punishers of wrongdoers. Erinys /rns, rans/ ih-RIN-iss, ih-RY-niss;[1] Ancient Greek: , pl. Although the traditional name for the Furies is the Erinyes (meaning 'strife'), the Greeks did not like to say this name. [1] In the Vlusp, the three primary Norns Urr (Wyrd), Verandi, and Skuld draw water from their sacred well to nourish the tree at the center of the cosmos and prevent it from rot. [20] In some accounts, they were the daughters of Euronym (a name for Earth) and Cronus,[21] or of Earth and Phorkys (i.e. In: Monaghan, Patricia. When the hero Meleager killed his uncles, for examplethe brothers of his mother Aethrait was to the Erinyes that Aethra prayed for vengeance. [9] According to variant accounts,[10] they emerged from an even more primordial levelfrom Nyx ("Night"), or from a union between air and mother Earth,[11] while in Virgil's Aeneid, they are daughters of Pluto (Hades)[12] and Nox (Nyx). Moreover, it also agrees with Gylfaginning by telling that they were of several races and that the dwarven norns were the daughters of Dvalin. The Norns are alluded to in 2018's God of War, the eighth installment in the God of War series, developed by Santa Monica Studio and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment (SIE), which began the franchise's foray into the lore of Norse mythology. Lachesis, as the allotter, gave that life its share in the world. According to the Greek poet Hesiod, they were the daughters of Gaea (Earth) and sprang from the blood of her mutilated spouse Uranus. [13] Their number is usually left indeterminate. Spirits of a particularly harsh view of justice, they represented the curses called down upon criminals. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7c0686a8af992806 The trial of Orestes changed the view of justice, in Athens at least. Smith, William. [11] Along with being associated with being bringers of death, Bek-Pedersen suggests that this phrase brings in a quasi-legal aspect to the nature of the norns. The terrible curse led to a war, dramatized as the Seven Against Thebes. They initially swore to return Helen to Menelaus when the Greeks arrived but then refused, beginning the Trojan War. Virgil (7019 BCE): The Erinyes appear as the Furies on a few occasions in the Aeneid (19 BCE), including in one famous scene in Book 7 in which Al(l)ecto causes an Italian queen named Amata to go mad. Hel (The Underworld) - Norse Mythology for Smart People Another legend claimed that they were the daughters of Nyx, the primordial goddess of the night. In 2022's God of War Ragnarok, Kratos, Freya, and Mimir's head traveled to the Norns in order to know what Atreus is doing in Asgard. Like Gylfaginning, the Poetic Edda mentions the existence of many lesser norns beside the three main norns. Many of our conceptions of the Furies come from Aeschylus version of their story and from plays by Euripides and Sophocles. According to other authors, Hades and Persephone were considered Furies . Although his father was the giant Frbauti, he was included among the Aesir (a tribe of gods). Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. They were born from the blood of Uranus that fell into the womb of Gaia when Cronus, his son, castrated him. 2- Who are the Furies' parents? Athena participates in the vote and chooses for acquittal. Also known as the Erinyes, the Furies are three horrible sistersTisiphone, Megaera, and Alectowho torment evildoers and punish them for their sins. Kunsthaus, Zurich, Switzerland. They carried out curses, especially those of a parent, and also personified those curses;[9] they were invoked as guarantors of oaths;[10] they prevented humans from obtaining too much knowledge about the future;[11] and they punished sinners in the Underworld. Erinys / r n s, r a n s / ih-RIN-iss, ih-RY-niss; Ancient Greek: , pl. Their Greek name was the Erinyes. The killing of a parent could result in a particularly heinous punishment. Atreus Mythology & Curse | Who is Atreus in Greek Mythology? Players will encounter famous gods like Zeus, Ares, and Aphrodite, but they'll also have to battle furies, shades, the hydra, and Hades himself. Erinyes. In The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 4th ed., edited by Simon Hornblower, Antony Spawforth, and Esther Eidinow, 53536. 64 BCE17 CE), the genealogy and mythology of the Furies are summarized. Weve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. Other authors spoke of them as the daughters of Nyx (Night) or of Erebos (Darkness). The mythology of the Erinyes, especially as portrayed in Aeschylus Eumenides, has also inspired novels by Anthony Powell and Jonathan Littell. The Erinyes Drive Alcmaeon from the Corpse of his Mother, Eriphyle, Whom He Has Killed by Henry Fuseli (1821). Myth and magic are expertly united in this young adult fantasy novel that draws on Eastern tradition. He is one of the three children of the god Loki and the giantess named Angrboda. Gantz, Timothy. Furies, Greek Erinyes, also called Eumenides, in Greco-Roman mythology, the chthonic goddesses of vengeance. In other stories, they are the children of Gaea and Darkness. They are also called Erinyes (Erinys) which means "the avengers" in Greek language. Though these euphemisms were common by the fifth century BCE, it is unclear whether the Eumenides, Semnae, and Ablabiae were always identical with the Erinyes, or whether they were originally independent goddesses that only later became identified with the dreaded Erinyes. Apollonius of Rhodes (third century BCE): In the Argonautica, the Erinyes torment the witch Medea after she murders her brother Apsyrtus. The Furies would hunt down those who broke these laws until they died, either from their own tortures or by another means. In later writings, the Erinyes themselves became a curse. In one story, the Furies are born from the blood of Uranus, the ancient god of the sky, and Gaea, or mother Earth, after Uranus's death. Eumenides; cf. Under the GFreek definition of natural law, the crimes that attracted the Erinyes were varied in both their type and severity. The trial becomes a debate about the necessity of blood vengeance, the honor that is due to a mother compared to that due to a father, and the respect that must be paid to ancient deities such as the Erinyes compared to the newer generation of Apollo and Athena. They pursued and punished the wicked, especially those guilty of murder. His mother, Clytemnestra, had killed his father, Agamemnon. Alkt; sometimes spelled Allecto), and Megaera (Greek , translit. They punished murderers, but they also punished perjurers and men who disobeyed their fathers. From The Odyssey to Pandora and her box, the stories of Greek mythology remain a major part of Western culture. Aeschylus, Libation Bearers 1048ff; Euripides, Iphigenia among the Taurians, Orestes; Pausanias, Description of Greece 7.25.5, 8.34.1ff; Apollodorus, Epitome 6.24ff; Hyginus, Fabulae 117ff; etc. They later were given the names Alecto (Unceasing in Anger), Tisiphone (Avenger of Murder), and Megaera (Jealous). The Erinyes can also be found in visual media. A number of theories have been proposed regarding the norns. But in some traditions, Apsyrtus Erinyes eventually had their revenge, causing Jason to betray Medea and ultimately leading Medea to kill her own children in an attempt to hurt him. For the sin of matricide, the Erinyes hounded Alcmaeon and drove him mad. Chapter 3 Part 6, Chapter 1 Part 6, Chapter 2 Part 7, Introduction to Norse Mythology Part 7, . [12], The Poetic Edda is valuable in representing older material in poetry from which Snorri tapped information in the Prose Edda. Johnston, Sarah Iles. Then both her hands are shaken in wrath, the one gleaming with a funeral torch, the other lashing the air with a live water-snake. I feel like its a lifeline. [37], The Erinyes had a few sanctuaries in the region of Attica. Homer, Iliad 9.565ff; Ovid, Metamorphoses 8.480ff; Pausanias, Description of Greece 10.31.3. Pausanias describes a sanctuary in Athens dedicated to the Erinyes under the name Semnai: Hard by [the Areopagos the murder court of Athens] is a sanctuary of the goddesses which the Athenians call the August, but Hesiod in the Theogony calls them Erinyes (Furies). The Furies may have originated in Greek religion as local deities that eventually became the focus of a larger cult, or perhaps from early on they were thought of as the ghosts of the murdered dead or as the personification of the curses laid upon murderers. It was traditional for defendants who had been acquitted of murder to leave offerings for the Erinyes at their temple. The Furies in Greek Mythology, also called the the Erinyes, were goddesses of vengeance and justice. Vol. Oaths sworn to the gods were sacred, and their violation was an insult against the god. The Moirai in Greek Mythology - Greek Legends and Myths See, for example, Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.11.4. In Gurnarkvia II, the Norns actively enter the series of events by informing Atli in a dream that his wife would kill him. Later writers named them Allecto (Unceasing in Anger), Tisiphone (Avenger of Murder), and Megaera (Jealous). Oracle of Delphi Overview & Prophecies | Who was Pythia, Priestess of Apollo? My work has also been published on Buzzfeed and most recently in Time magazine. The Furies are the voice-overs that guide her across the land. The Norns: Representatives of Fate in Old Norse Tradition. They lived in the underworld and ascended to Earth to pursue and torment the wicked. The Furies were also what is called chthonic, which means that they are related to the earth and the Underworld. 180after 120 BCE), describes the origins of the Erinyes (and gives their number as three). The name of the Furies comes from the Latin word Furiae. Alecto is one of the three Furies, or Erinyes, in Greek mythology. When Pelops was killed by his father Tantalus, Zeus spoke to the Moirai who agreed that Pelops could be restored to life. God of War Series Amon Amarth wrote a death metal album entitled Fate of Norns, released in 2004 and containing the title track "Fate of Norns". Before she called down her own curse upon him, Jason and Medea were being hunted by the Erinyes for the murder of her brother. When he did so many years later, she immediately called the Erinyes down on him as an oath-breaker. Who is the god of revenge? - Mets Minor League Blog London: Spottiswoode and Company, 1873. Most writers agreed that the three carried brass-studded scourges in claw-like hands. [35], When Medea ran off with Jason and killed her brother Apsyrtus in order to slow down her fathers pursuit, she was tormented by the Erinyes until she was purified by her aunt Circe. The Furies did not target all crimes, though. The people of Sparta claimed that Ares had been nursed by a nymph called Thero. At the end of the play the goddess Athena intervenes on Orestes behalf, pardoning him and requiring that the Furies no longer pursue people for vengeance. Once they caught the scent of a particularly horrific crime, they were notoriously difficult to placate. Particularly terrible criminals could expect the Erinyes to follow them into the next life to continue their torment. 13 chapters | The Norns are the main characters of the popular manga and anime Oh My Goddess!. . Notable sir include Odin, rr (Thor), Frigg, Heimdall, Tr, Bragi, Iunn (Idunn), Baldr, and Loki (though not always). Mythology Character Analysis | LitCharts It was possible to be purified and atone for ones sins, but the process was often long and laborious. According to the rules laid down by the goddess of wisdom, this meant that the accused criminal should be acquitted of his charges. Purification could be even be performed after death. Juno roused her with these words, saying: Grant me a favour of my own, virgin daughter of Night, this service, so that my honour and glory are not weakened, and give way, and the people of Aeneas cannot woo Latinus with intermarriage, or fill the bounds of Italy (, Men speak of twin plagues, named the Dread Ones, whom Night bore untimely, in one birth with Tartarean Megaera, wreathing them equally in snaky coils, and adding wings swift as the wind (, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology, Poena, "P. Vergilius Maro, Aeneid, Book 7, line 323". Erins), (translit. 4 BCE65 CE): Medea is hounded by the Furies in the tragedy Medea. Hesiod (eighth/seventh century BCE): The genealogy and origins of the Erinyes are presented in the Theogony. Even when the crime was committed as an act of righteous vengeance, the Furies would punish the killer. [5] The Roman writer Maurus Servius Honoratus wrote (ca. When the evil half-elven princess Skuld assembles her army to attack Hrlfr Kraki, it contains in addition to undead warriors, elves and norns. Erinyes | Myths and Folklore Wiki | Fandom 96 CE): In the Thebaid, the Furies play an important role in bringing about the destruction of Oedipus and his family. The Furies would not only hunt the guilty party, but the ghosts of the murdered parents would sometimes join them. For other uses, see. Learn about the Furies in Greek mythology and discover their symbols, names, and history. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. This website uses cookies to help deliver and improve our services and provide you with a much richer experience during your visit. The Erinyes hunted those who broke oaths and committed perjury as fiercely as they did any murderer. Thucydides, Histories 2.102.5; Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.24.8ff; Apollodorus, Library 3.7.3ff; Hyginus, Fabulae 73; etc. 456/455 BCE): The Erinyes play an important role in the Oresteia trilogy (458 BCE), especially in the Eumenides (the final play of the trilogy), in which they pursue Orestes for his matricide before being placated by Apollo and Athena. The Erinyes were particularly known for punishing those who committed crimes against their own families. Jason When he and Medea ran away together, she made him swear a solemn oath that he would not betray her. They were able to take away a persons reason, for example, and bring about blindness or madness. Aeschylus Eumenides 321; Lycophron 432; Virgil, When she had spoken these words, fearsome, she sought the Earth: and summoned Allecto, the grief-bringer, from the house of the Fatal Furies, from the infernal shadows: in whose mind are sad wars, angers and deceits, and guilty crimes. [29], In The Eumenides, Orestes is told by Apollo at Delphi that he should go to Athens to seek the aid of the goddess Athena. The Erinyes, also known as the Furies or Eumenides, were the goddesses responsible for punishing wrongdoing and blood-guilt. What they are like and how they evolved over time is truly a fascinating piece of Greek mythology. At the center of the sanctuary sat a sacred grove that nobody was allowed to enter. Alecto | God of War Wiki | Fandom Furies (Erinyes) - Mythical Creature - Greek Mythology Pantheon As she prayed for him to listen to the repentant sinners, she burned offerings of meat, cakes, and other good foods. He was driven mad, constantly haunted by the shade of the mother he had murdered in cold blood. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. They first entered the scene when Oedipus killed his father (without knowing who he was) and married his mother (also without knowing who she was). Quintus of Smyrna (fourth century CE): The Erinyes are mentioned a few times in the epic poem Posthomerica. Aeschylus, Eumenides 107; Pausanias, Description of Greece 2.11.4. Some criminals were punished in other ways, while a few seemed to escape retribution altogether. Loki | Mythology, Powers, & Facts | Britannica Even such a seemingly minor crime was considered horrible under Greek natural law, which held all men to the standard of respecting their fathers and elders. Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture. The Erinyes famously punished murderers, particularly those who had killed a family member. Wyrd and urr are etymological cognates, which does not guarantee that wyrd and urr share the same semantic quality of "fate" over time. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. In Greek mythology, Nemesis was the goddess of divine retribution and vengeance. Scholia on Sophocles Oedipus at Colonus 42. Circe sacrificed a suckling pig and poured out libations. They personified the curses that were called down upon a guilty criminal by both the law and those they had wronged. Ovid (43 BCE17/18 CE): The Furies appear in a few of the myths recounted in the Metamorphoses (ca. To appease the Erinyes, Circe had to appease Zeus. 15 Scariest Norse Mythology Creatures [Monster List] In the second play, The Libation Bearers, their son Orestes has reached manhood and has been commanded by Apollo's oracle to avenge his father's murder at his mother's hand. They were particularly concerned with homicide, unfilial conduct, offenses against the gods, and perjury. succeed. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. Apollodorus (first century BCE or the first few centuries CE): The Library, a mythological handbook incorrectly transmitted as a work by the scholar Apollodorus of Athens (ca. She is the main antagonist in God of War: Ascension. The three Furies lived in a cave in the dark realm of Erebus, leaving only to hunt their victims. Seneca (ca. A formulaic oath in the Iliad invokes them as "the Erinyes, that under earth take vengeance on men, whosoever hath sworn a false oath". This website helped me pass! Zeus also asked favours of the Moirai, but he also allowed them to have their own way. Kapach, A. Erinys). 330 BCE. The Erinyes Roman equivalents were called Furiae (frenzied ones, from which we get the name Furies) or Dirae (ominous ones). After the trial of Orestes, the Erinyes were renamed Eumenides, or well-meaning. It was said that this was to signify not only their placation at justice having been carried out in a good way, but also the value of their work. Furies (Erinyes) in Greek mythology are mythical chthonic deities that chased those who had committed crimes against the physical and moral order of things. In Norna-Gests ttr, where they arrive at the birth of the hero to shape his destiny, the norns are not described as weaving the web of fate, instead Norna appears to be interchangeable and possibly a synonym of vala (vlva). Erinyes (Furies) - Three Greek Goddesses of Vengeance Virgil, probably working from an Alexandrian source, recognized three: Alecto or Alekto ("endless anger"), Megaera ("jealous rage"), and Tisiphone or Tilphousia ("vengeful destruction"), all of whom appear in the Aeneid. There are several myths regarding the birth and parentage of the Furies. To quote Snorri Sturluson's Skldskaparml on the various names used for women: These unclear distinctions among norns and other Germanic female deities are discussed in Bek-Pedersen's book Norns in Old Norse Mythology. More recently, the Furies popped up as characters in the 2020 video game Hades. The myths say that at the moment of the birth of a child, the three Fates determined their destiny. Returning home and revealing himself to his sister Electra, Orestes pretends to be a messenger bringing the news of his own death to Clytemnestra. . Discover Osiris the Egyptian God of the Underworld; Discover Typhon: The God of Monsters; In ancient art, the Erinyes attributes included wings, snake hair, hunting boots, and a short chiton (a kind of tunic). Even after being tried by a jury and cleansed by Apollo, Orestes was ordered to find his missing sister, Iphigenia and retrieve a stolen statue of Artemis from her captors. This strife that will destroy his sons drives the Erinys to fulfillment . In truth, it was often used as an epithet to avoid angering the vengeful spirits by even saying their names. Five games that incorporate mythology like Hades - Sportskeeda Loki, in Norse mythology, a cunning trickster who had the ability to change his shape and sex. The Erinyes (/ r n i. i z / ih-RIN-ee-eez; sing. The boundless tribes of mortals you descry, and justly rule with Right's [Dike's] impartial eye. In Hamisml, her sons' expedition to the Gothic king Ermanaric to exact vengeance is fateful. The hero asks Fafnir of many things, among them the nature of the norns. In return Athena promises that the goddesses will be powerful and venerated by humans. Eumenides. In A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Furies. [33] This is because it was considered unwise to mention them by name (for fear of attracting their attention); the ironic name is similar to how Hades, god of the dead is styled Pluton, or Pluto, "the Rich One". There are a number of surviving Old Norse sources that relate to the norns. All rights reserved. They were not known just for their frightening looks, though. A formulaic oath in the Iliad . Dietrich, Bernard C. Demeter, Erinys, Artemis. Hermes 90 (1962): 12948. All Rights Reserved. Furies | Encyclopedia.com In Greek mythology, the Furies, also called Erinyes, are known as defenders of justice. In addition to the ritual purification, Heracles was ordered into ten years of servitude, during which he undertook his famous labors. Furies - Students | Britannica Kids | Homework Help 5 Campbell), the poet Ibycus describes how he invoked the Erinyes against a gang of hoodlums who had mugged him. Alecto was charged . They appeared above all when someone carried out a crime against a family member, but they were also invoked in cases of nonfamilial homicide, impiety, and perjury. 110ca. Each of the Nornir Chests contain collectibles that gradually upgrade Kratos Health and/or Rage meters. 458459, has proposed a Pre-Greek origin. The video game series is loosely based on Greek and Norse mythology. Aside from death, the only way to escape the anger of the Furies was to be purified and cleansed of your crimes. But death did not mean one was free of the fury of the Erinyes.
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